New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles: A Cultural Map of the Beat Generation
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper explores the topographical and socio-cultural developments during the Golden Age in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, three Beat Generation epicenters, which determined the deconstruction of traditional norms. Modifications at both city and society levels were represented by the emergence of countercultures, such as the Beat. The visibility received by urban problems, due to the increase in social demonstrations and activism, fostered the formation of a unified front that demanded equality and encouraged social and political movements, such as the Civil Rights and the Second Wave Feminism. The socio-political challenges which the American society was confronted with from the 1950s to the 1970s in these three cities, also reveal a few problems regarding the status of the Beats as well as of minorities in metropolises.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Albright, Thomas. Art in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1980: An Illustrated History. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985.
Ashbolt, Anthony. A Cultural History of the Radical Sixties in the San Francisco Bay Area. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Delfiner, Judith. “The Art of California Counter-Culture in the 1950s.” Perspective, no. 2, 2015, pp. 1-17.
Gair, Christopher. The Beat Generation. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008.
Gilbert, James Burkhart. A Cycle of Outrage: America's Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Hartlaub, Peter. “How the Beats Helped Build San Francisco's Progressive Future.” San Francisco Chronicle, 1 Jan. 2015.
Hartman, Chester. City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Kamiya, Gary. “SF 'Hobohemia' Transformed into Skid Row as Jobs and City Changed.” San Francisco Chronicle, 10 Aug. 2019, https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/SF-hobohemia-transformed-into-Skid-Row-as-14294228.php
Latour, Jane. Sisters in the Brotherhoods: Working Women Organizing for Equality in New York City. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Lyon, Fred. San Francisco: Portrait of a City 1940-1960. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014.
Maynard, John Arthur. Venice West: The Beat Generation in Southern California. London: Rutgers University Press, 1991.
Meares, Hadley. “Lawrence Lipton and Venice, California's Claim to Beat Fame.” KCET, 9 Oct. 2020. www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/lawrence-lipton-and-venice-californias-claim-to-beat-fame. Accessed on 26 Dec. 2020.
Parker, Simon. Urban Theory and the Urban Experience: Encountering the City. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Reitano, Joanne R. The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Reynolds, Megan, "Social Madness in Beat Generation Writing.” The Expositor, no. 6, 2016, pp. 80-99.
Rogoveanu, Raluca. “Glancing at Deforming Mirrors: The Mad Artists of the Beat Generation.” Analele Universităţii Ovidius din Constanţa, Seria Filologie, no. 20, 2009, pp. 247-252.
Roszak, Theodore. The Making of a Counter Culture: Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc, 1969.
Schneider-Sliwa, Rita. “Urban Geography.” International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Berlin: Elsevier Science Ltd 2001, pp. 801-806.
Skerl, Jennie. Reconstructing the Beats. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Wall, Wendy. Inventing the American Way: The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.